Bipesticides & Biofertilizers PDF (HINDI,ENGLISH,BOOK,PPT,WORD,QUIZ)
Preface
shops place a veritably important part in the living world. shops are the source of food for all most all living creations. For their growth plants bear nutrients. shops bear there nutrients in micro and macro forms. Toxin is any material of natural or synthetic origin that's applied to soil or to apkins of the shops for the force of one or further nutrients which helps the growth of the factory. operation of soil fertility is followed by the mortal being from the thousands of times. In the olden days the biologically diseases were set, there after the chemical diseases were extremely used in the last 60- 70 times. there are numerous disadvantages by the use of chemical toxin. A biofertilizers is a substance which contains the living microorganisms which when applied to soil, shops shells, or seeds colonizes the rhizophore of the factory and increases the factory growth by furnishing the primary nutrients to the factory
BIOFERTILIZERS AND TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Biofertilizers are defined as biologically active products or microbial inoculants of bacteria, algae and fungi( independently or in combination), which help natural nitrogen obsession for the benefit of shops.
1) Nitrogen Biofertilizers Nitrogen biofertilizers help to correct the nitrogen situations of the soil. Nitrogen is a limiting factor for factory growth because shops need a certain quantum of nitrogen in the soil to grow.
2) Phosphorus Biofertilizers Phosphorus biofertilizers help the soil to reach its optimum position of phosphorus and correct the phosphorus situations of the soil.
3) Compost Biofertilizers We can also use biofertilizers to enrich the compost and the bacterial processes breaking down the compost waste. Suitable biofertilizers for compost use are Cellulolytic fungal culture and Phosphotika and Azotobacter societies.
GENERAL METHOD OF PREPARATION
The system of medication of biofertilizers involves some of the general way they can be listed as follows
• insulation of the micro organism from the leguminous shops or from the other sources.
• Identification of the micro organism by different styles.
• civilization of linked micro organism by different styles.
• Mass product of the micro organism.
• storehouse of the microorganism with the suitable carrier material.
RHIZOBIUM AS A BIOFERTILIZER
Rhizobium is a gram negative, aerobic rod- shaped bacterium. It contains a refractive scrap. It's a soil bacterium present in large figures in rhizosphere of legume roots. Different species of Rhizobium can fix 50- 200 kg nitrogen ha/ time in leguminous crops. thus, they've been recommended as nitrogen biofertilizers in husbandry. product of Rhizobium Inoculants product of Rhizobium inoculants involves following way
1. insulation of Rhizobium
2. Identification of Rhizobium
3. Establishment of starter culture
4. Mass culture
5. Mixing with carrier
6. Packaging and storehouse
1. insulation of Rhizobium Rhizobium occurs in the soil as well as in the root nodes of picky legumes which is Pink- colored. The root nodes are kept immersed in 0.1 potassium chloride result or in 0.1 acidified mercuric chloride The castrated root nodes are also washed 5 or 6 times with distilled water. They're formerly again castrated by immersing them in 90 ethyl alcohol for 10 seconds and washed constantly with distilled water. They were crushed to make suspense
2. Identification of Rhizobium Test identification of rhizobium can be done by the following tests i) CRYEMA Test iii) Glucose Peptone Agar Test( GPA Test) ii) bitsy observation iv) Nodulation test
3. Establishing the Starter Culture Pure rhizobial colony is transferred to a beaker containing YEMA medium. The beaker is kept on a rotary shaker system in a constant temperature room at 28 ± 2 °C. Pure culture of rhizobium appears within a week product OF RHIZOBIUM
4. Mass culture of Rhizobium Rhizobium is mass dressed in large bioreactors( fermenter) to prepare inoculant. YEM medium or sucrose- mannitol medium is used for this purpose. A suitable medium is formulated and filled into the bioreactor after proper sterilization. One liter of starter culture for 100 liter of medium is invested into the bioreactor.
5. Making the Carrier- grounded Inoculants A carrier is a neutral medium used to mix with a dressed broth for handling it fluently. Watercolor peat, lignite, vermiculite, paddy cocoon, ranch yard ordure, etc. are used as carriers. The carrier holds the broth and allows the slow growth of microbes.
6. Quilting and storehouse The carrier grounded inoculant is packed in low viscosity polytene bags for storehouse and marketing. generally, the biofertilizer pockets are kept in a constant temperature room for about a week before storehouse. During this time, Rhizobia grow by consuming the little quantum of medium present in the carrier.
product OF RHIZOBIUM( continued) FIELD operations AND CROP RESPONSE
Field operation of Rhizobium Inoculant Rhizobium inoculants are recommended for colorful leguminous crops by seed treatment- A 50 g of club sugar is dissolved in 500 ml of water and boiled for 15 twinkles. 200 g of goo arabic is added to the boiling sugar result and stirred well to dissolve it. are added into the slurry mixed well by hand. Accordingly, about - 106 Rhizobial cells get adsorbed on each and every seed. The seeds are also allowed to The sticker result so formed is cooled own. 200 of Rhizobium inoculant is added into also a g the sticker result and mixed well to get a biofertilizer slurry. The seeds of a legume dry by spreading them on a polytene distance in shade. The seeds are sown in the main field. Crop Response Seed inoculation of a proper Rhizobium strain increases growth and yield of numerous legumes. Rhizobium generally increases the yield of legumes upto 10- 35. The crop gyration of rhizobium invested legumes with cereals increases the yield of the posterior cereal crop.
AZOTOBACTER AS A BIOFERTILIZER
Azotobacter is a gram negative,non-symbiotic, nitrogen fixing bacterium. It's an aerobic bacterium present in large figures in rhizosphere soils. Azotobacter fixes about 20- 40Kg N ha/ time. Further, it produces factory growth promoting substances like IAA, gibberellic acid and vitamins to favor the factory growth. Hence it been recommended as a biofertilizer for rice, wheat, millets, cotton, vegetables, mustard, sunflower, etc.
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